Buying guide for a mouse pad- Qualities to look to buy a good gaming mouse pad

If you are a serious gamer then having a high performance computer is not enough, some parts that we take for granted - keyboard, mouse - to perform ideally may not be that perfect and play a very important role in your performance in a game. Similarly another thing which plays a very important role in a perfect gaming experience is your mouse pad.

Think about it, a precise movement of the mouse can make a hell lot of difference in the result of a game. Especially for a serious gamer even a slight advantage can make a huge difference. When it comes to gaming controls you need to perfect your controls and in a gaming environment your only major controls are your keyboard and your mouse. The mouse to say the least is the continuously used tool except for racing games.

For precise gaming action a precise mouse is required and to fine tune this preciseness you will need a gaming mouse pad. For any mouse dependent game a laser mouse is the best choice and for its precise functioning the light needs to bounce off properly from the mouse pad. A good quality mouse pad surface not only gives good feedback and feel to the gamer but also gives the mouse proper feedback to work with. Mouse lag is a known problem for any bad surface of a mouse pad where both unevenness and surface finishing problem will lead to lag and even the slightest lag will become a major disadvantage for a gamer. So here are some qualities that a good potential mouse pad must have:

1. Size of the mouse pad: The size of a mouse pad must be as large as possible. Just think that in the middle of shooting you run out of mouse realty – you just end up losing with no digestible reason. Of course the size should be such that you can easily keep in on the desk but the bigger the better.
2. Surface of the mouse pad: Above I mentioned about the working of the red beam of light of a mouse and how its précis feedback is important for perfect movements. This is where the surface of a mouse pad comes into play for proper feedback. In market you will get several mouse pads perfected for gaming experiences and the choice comes down to you according to your preferred feel. While some prefer the plastic touch while other go for the good-old cotton surface.
3. Underside of the mouse pad: By the underside I mean the side that touches the desk surface. This simply means that the underside should have a good grip on the surface. If your mouse pad slips in between the game that means a major loss of control. Fir best friction rubber works the best however that can sometimes give you a squishy feeling below the side of hand touching the mouse pad. If you do not like that squishy feeling go for not sticky underside rubber mouse pads.

These were the major qualities you should look for while purchasing a good mouse pad however there are many other personal preferences which play a role like color, design, wrist rest and of couse a good reputed brand.

Uses of multiplexer and demultiplexer

Multiplexer
In communication field, the methods by which many inputs (the inputs may be analog or digital in form) are combined together to give one output is known as multiplexing. Multiplexing is a technique to select one suitable output from the given number of input lines . Another terminology in multiplexers are the section lines. The output is determined with the help of selection lines .

The selection lines are dependent on the type of multiplexer. There are various types of multiplexer namely

• 2-to-1 multiplexer(having 1 selection line)
• 4-to-1 multiplexer(having 2 selection lines)
• 8-to-1 multiplexer(having 3 selection lines)
• 16-to-1 multiplexer(having 4 selection lines).

In real life we use different types of multiplexing depending on how we want to share the limited transmission medium which is available.
For example: We use frequency division multiplexing for cable television ,voice telephony requirements etc. time division multiplexing or time division multiple access(TDMA) for 2G and 3G systems. Whereas,  in prior versions of 2G, known as code division multiple access(CDMA), we were using code division multiplexing.

Uses of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
When the total bandwidth or frequency available is divided into a set of frequency which should be non-overlapping, this technique is known as frequency division multiplexing (FDM). Each subset is used to carry different signals. This allows the common medium to be shared by many different frequencies. You all must be watching television as a daily part of your life which works with the help of cable wire, it is the most extensive and common example of frequency division multiplexing in real life. The television channels which are nothing but frequencies are carried by one single cable which is the medium.

Uses of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
When the message to be sent is differentiated with a very short time lag or when the packets to be sent takes turn on the channel such as one packet is transmitted during the time slot 1 , the second is transmitted at slot 2 and so on. This technique of transmitting and receiving of the data while taking turns on the time is known as Time Division Multiplexing.

This type of multiplexing is mainly used in telephone networks like in circuit switch networks namely public switch telephone network (also known as landline) in which there are multiple subscribers, and if all the lines are full at a particular time then we are not able to make the call. But if we try after some time our call gets connected!! This is mainly because during the time one or more subscriber hangs the phone creating the vacancy of the medium at that time.

Uses of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
This is a technique in which several users are successfully able to transmit and receive the data simultaneously that is at the same time over the same frequency. So in contrast to FDM and TDMA which divides access by frequency (wavelength) or time respectively, code division multiple access is spread spectrum signaling.

For example: Many people speaking in a room can hear and understand your particular language and all other languages are considered as noise. In the same way in CDMA, each user is given a code, in a single channel there are many codes but the users who are connected to the similar code only can communicate.
This code is used in the GPS systems and signaling for mobile networks.

Demultiplexer
In electronics, a demultiplexer is a device which takes the output from a single line and directs it to several output lines. It is used when we need to send the same output to several lines or to several devices. Mainly demultiplexer is required to break the single data stream to the original data streams.
Also, the main aim of a demultiplexer is to combine the data and to transmit it over the medium by taking in single input and making the information to exit through multiple outputs.

Note: We are in process of finding more uses for Demultiplexer, if you happen to know more than please add the info in the comments and help your co-students!

Why I would love to travel to Melbourne and the major attractions in Melbourne for me

When we are looking out of a destination for a long vacations Melbourne is an option which can cross your mind once for multiple reasons as it is not only perfect place to emigrate to. Melbourne is the capital of Victoria and is second most populous city of Australia. It is also one of the vivacious cities in the world with combination of high standard of living, social and relaxing activities. The climate is moderate oceanic climate and hence the weather is also very unpredictable.

There are many reasons why one should visit Melbourne at least once in life time and here I would describe a few reasons why it's your time to visit Melbourne NOW!.

·         The Australian Open in Melbourne

In every month of January, the whole world watches Melbourne, as the first Grand Slam event of tennis year is held in Australia. With four majors on the calendar for men’s women’s tennis, the tournament marks the start of sport year. This event is watched everywhere in Australia with lot of pomp and show and excitement. The event is watched on huge television screens in Federation Square and banners everywhere. The ground of Melbourne Park is alive with the spectators and many players.

·         The Great Ocean Road in Melbourne

Melbourne is the starting point for the world legendary Great Ocean Road drive. The road winds its way along some of the most dazzling and spectacular coastline in Australia. If you start travelling a bit earlier in the day you can have a look at eucalyptus forests with koalas, rain forests with a wide variety of flora and fauna and implausible natural rock formation in Port Campbell National Park before returning to the city and watching it come energetic after dark.

·         Shopping in Melbourne

A great place for shopaholics where you get confused as what to buy and what to leave out. Melbourne’s pulsating retail scene is active with tempting labels, products and shopping experiences. There is a saying in Melbourne “Shop until you drop”. You get everything like from classics to cutting edge and variety of boutiques in Melbourne. A wide diversity of shopping malls can be visited. A very well known place Fashion Triangle is worth paying visit where fashion boutiques, shops and stores, comprising of the QV, Melbourne’s GPO and Melbourne Central.

·         Neighbourhoods in Melbourne:

There are lots of diverse cultures residing in Melbourne. The difference becomes quite visible through the buildings, shopping and especially the food. A walk towards Chinatown, Greek Corner, Vietnamese Section, little Italy, Spanish Corner and Little Saigon will explain the whole story. One day try skipping whole day meals and enjoy sampling from various sites to get a taste of ethnic meal.

·         Caribbean Gardens in Melbourne:

The Gardens cover approximately an area of 100 acres surrounding the stunning Lake Caribbean. Throughout the picnic grounds are BBQ’s and bountiful of picnic tables under the shade of beautiful elm, gum and pine trees. You can also find rides operating on Sundays from 11:00 AM to 4:00 PM and subject to weather conditions and during school holidays rides are available on Wednesday and Fridays as well. Chairlift ride, Train ride or jungle cruise rides are also there to enjoy and have fun as children also get pleasure from these rides and these are quite affordable as well.

·         Hawthorn Craft Market in Melbourne:

It is one of the best markets of Melbourne which was established in 1979 and is the longest running maker’s market. You can find all hand made products here the best quality assured. Visitors to this market will find a variety of innovative fashion and designs, original paintings photography and artwork, toys, woodcraft, jewellery, plants you name it and get it.

·         Museums and other attractions in Melbourne:

The city is blessed with a lot of museums and other various attractions like Australian Centre for the moving image, Royal Botanic Gardens and National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Aquarium, which has also won many awards for its exploration of ocean life. Melbourne Zoo which has an approximately some 300 species on hand, out of which many are native to Australia.

·         The Yara Valley in Melbourne:

This valley is situated right when you enter Melbourne. This valley can be experienced in a wide variety of methods. You can fly over it at dawn in a hot air balloon or can be travelled through oldest steam train in Australia. Yara Valley makes Melbourne all the more exceptional as you can move from city to rural serenity of vineyards in less than an hour’s time.

·         The Hotels in Melbourne:

Accommodation is not to worry on in Melbourne. Hotels here in Melbourne provide a wonderful amenities and good hospitality as well. You find all sorts of hotels budgeted to luxurious. Accommodation is one of the headaches when you are planning your holidays, so while coming to Melbourne take a deep breath and come as you can find different budget hotels to relieve your stress.

In the nutshell, Melbourne is a place to rejuvenate and refurbish your mind.

Different types of synchronous counters, ciruit diagram and working

There are 6 types of Synchronous counters:

Binary counters

Binary counters are most basic type of synchronous counters. Depending on the value of N, a synchronous counter counts from 0 to (2N - 1) and back to 0 again.

Up/down counters

A counter can be used to count in more than one direction. That is, you can use counter to count not only up but down too. The diagram shows below is of an up-down counter. Depending on how the user decides to count an event as up and other as down, the counter can be used to count the events based on his requirements. This is done by either making either the “up” or "down" inputs as high.

Loadable counters

Loadable counters can be used to count from a predefined count. That is, instead of counting from a 0, the counter will count from a initial count given by the user. This type of counter is called a loadable counter.

BCD counters

A BCD counter is a binary digit based counter which users 0 and 1 for counting. The counting is done in binary-coded decimal from 0000 to 1001 and back to 0000. As the counter resets after 1001, i.e. it starts from 0 and after a count of 9 it comes back to 0. Therefore, this counter does not have a straight binary count and has limited functionality.

Ring counters

In a ring counter, the registers are activated one by one in a circular manner. The flip-flops are set one by one; when a particular flip-flop is set, the others are cleared. A single high signal is circulated from one flip-flop to another to produce to produce the sequence of timing signals.

Johnson counters

The Johnson counter is a hybrid form of ring counter. It is also called the twisted ring counter. In this counter the inverse of the most significant bit output at the flip-flop is passed on to lest significant but at the flip-flop. The working can be understood by the truth table shown below. The sequence starts with all the bits of the counter being 0. At the next pulse, the 0 at the final counter will cause the 1’s to be shifted into register from left hand side. Similarly, when the 1’s reach the most significant flip-flop, 0’s will be inserted in the left most registers. This cross coupling between the between the inputs and the outputs of the registers is the base of working of the Johnson counter.

Application of Gray, Excess-3 and ASCII codes

The ASII code:

The ASCII code represents the text in computers or digital equipments. The ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)  includes definition for 128 characters that explains the processing of text and space.

Excess-3 code:

The excess 3 code is an important BCD code. It is mainly used for arithmetic operations. It can add two decimal numbers even if their sum exceeds nine. It simplifies operations of arithmetic. It’s a way to represent decimal digits, and each value equals the decimal digit value plus 3.

Gray code:

The encoding of numbers such that the adjacent number differs by only 1 by the preceding number.

Application of Gray Code

Because of many shortcomings in addition of the BCD code, excess 3 code is used and grey code is used in the shaft position of the airplanes.

These codes are precisely used in electro optical switches and electrochemical signals.

The Grey code arises in many real life situations. In the beginning, the main use of the code was related to what we now call as the conversion from analog to digital format. The basic aim was to convert a voltage value which was previously in analog to the corresponding series of pulse which will represent the same value in digital form. This technique was to convert voltage by displacing vertically an electron beam that sweeps horizontally across the screen of the cathode ray tube. The screen having a masked imprint on it only allows a passage of beam in certain places, and a current was generated till the beam was passing through the mask. The passage of the beam gives rise to a series of ‘on’ and ‘off’ conditions corresponding to the pattern of the holes through which it passes.

The most common use of this code is locating for rotational position of the shafts I which a pattern which represents the grey code is printed on a disk, or on the shaft, and the pattern is sensed by an electrical or optical detector.

Application of Excess-3

Because of many shortcomings in addition of the BCD code, excess 3 code is used and grey code is used in the shaft position of the airplanes.

These codes are precisely used in electro optical switches and electrochemical signals.

The Gray code arises in many real life situations. In the beginning, the main use of the code was related to what we now call as the conversion from analog to digital format. The basic aim was to convert a voltage value which was previously in analog to the corresponding series of pulse which will represent the same value in digital form. This technique was to convert voltage by displacing vertically an electron beam that sweeps horizontally across the screen of the cathode ray tube. The screen having a masked imprint on it only allows a passage of beam in certain places, and a current was generated till the beam was passing through the mask. The passage of the beam gives rise to a series of ‘on’ and ‘off’ conditions corresponding to the pattern of the holes through which it passes.

The most common use of Gray code is locating for rotational position of the shafts I which a pattern which represents the grey code is printed on a disk, or on the shaft, and the pattern is sensed by an electrical or optical detector.

 

Gray Code was used in some old computers that relied on a pre-specified number N as a biasing value.

The excess 3 code is a technique to represent numbers with a balance of positive and negative numbers. When the sum of two of these excess 3 numbers exceed 9, the carry bit of adder will set to high. When you add two excess 3 numbers, the resultant would not be an excess 3 number, example  : add  1 to 3 , the answer would seem to be 7 but the actual answer should be 4, so a remedy of this problem is to subtract 3 (binary 011) if the resultant is less than decimal 10 and add 3 if the number is equal to or greater than 10.

 This needs to be done due to the fact that whenever we add two numbers, an excess value of six results in the sum. But we now that the values 0 to 15 are four bit integer and any excess to that means the sum will overflow.

Application of ASCII

They are used widely in modern computers for representing text and in other devices too that use text in man machine interface. ASCII codes work sequentially and are self complimenting. Its first application was as a seven-bit teleprinter. It is non-weighted code derived from 8421 BCD code.